Consider, for instance, the subjective value of avoiding a loss of $10 compared with gaining $10. By failing to understand this, it degrades and lowers the standard by which they should be treated. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Wednesday, February 25, 2015. It was understood that this ward was designed specifically for patients with mental and psychological disorders, hence the experiment began wherein homosexuality was seen as a “disease” and the aim of the experiment had was to find a cure. The Aversion Project--sex change operations in the SADF S Afr Med J. Alcoholism 4. Clearly to the psychiatrists their actions were perceived as ethical, because they were trying to cure an ‘illness’ and one can see where their view point arises from. click here. The Aversion Project--sex change operations in the SADF . Roger and Peter are both gay and grew up in the 1960s. Samplius is for students who want to get an idea for their own paper. A rather different use of classical conditioning principles is found in aversion therapy. Victims were forced to submit to "curing" their homosexuality because the SADF considered homosexuality to be subversive and those who were homosexual were subject to … Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Loss aversion refers to people’s tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains of equal magnitude. The Aversion Project  The army psychiatrists shows no empathy or signs of treating the homosexual soldiers like human during the experiment. The ‘sex change’ therapy exemplifies the homophobic attitude in the 20th century. ( Log Out /  It becomes an injustice from the perspective of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights that states that there is an inherent dignity which we as human beings acknowledge and we each have “equal and inalienable rights”. ( Log Out /  Graham C.L. When sexual stimuli was observed, the voltage was increased. ( Log Out /  Most victims were white males. These are the sources and citations used to research ethics in psychology. As Freud boldly points out; persecution of homosexuality is a crime and an injustice. Majority of the "participants" of the test were drafted white males and females between 16-24 years of age. The profound message carried through this case study points towards understanding the rights of every human being. It was here that Levin practised what has come to be known as The Aversion Project, where he subjected White gay and lesbian individuals from … An as-yet unpublished report, called the Aversion Project, commissioned by gay rights groups and South Africa's medical research council, details the extent of … The Aversion Project happened during the years of Apartheid in South Africa. In South Africa, which is also inclusive of Africa, homosexuals are not easily accepted and it is often seen as morally incorrect. In reference to the Case Study, rights of homosexuals are given more attention and more people are cultivating a mind-set of change, although there is a large majority opposing the notion of rights regarding the LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender) community. Homosexuality was decriminalised for men aged 21 and over on 27th July 1967. This is the same reason why military personnel that were asked to join accepted the offer, because of the fear of being different as well as the shame placed upon them from those surrounding them. Change ). In terms of an illness alluding to a mental illness, it cannot be classified in such a way either. This type of therapy proved to be immensely brutal and harsh. It was understood that the targets of this project were homosexual personnel from military troops, whereby some were asked to join and others were told to do so. Thousands of homosexuals were imprisoned at the Voortrekkerhoogte military hospital near Pretoria. Breaking down the fundamental roots of how the project was made possible is fundamental in understanding how it led to human rights being violated of the personnel involved. Just send us a request “Write my paper”. From the case study, the homosexuals were blatantly alienated to the extreme, whereby there was a separate ward in which they were kept, outlining physically that their rights have been removed and displaying a level of inequality to other personnel of the military. I understand that this is unethical yet I do not think protecting an individual’s human rights should be prior to protecting a nation’s safety. The army psychiatrists shows no empathy or signs of treating the homosexual soldiers like human during the experiment. The Aversion Project is seen as one of the most unethical psychology practices in North America An estimated 900 males and female soldiers, were tested on and tortured. Dr. Levin fled to Canada and denied everything, taking no responsibility whatsoever. Smoking 5. Aversion therapy can be used to treat a number of problematic behaviors including the following:2 1. Unethical Psychology: The Aversion Project - YouTube This video goes over the treatment of homosexual conscripts in the South African army during Apartheid times … Reference: Crawford, David A. Behavioral Psychology 16.01 (1988): 57. ‘Aversion Therapy In The Treatment Of Trichotillomania: A Case Study’. 2001 Aug;91(8):617-8. It does not reflect the quality of papers completed by our expert essay writers. Found a great essay sample but want a unique one? Conditioned taste aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which a person develops a strong resistance toward one specific food after experiencing sickness, nausea, or any type of negative emotion.It usually occurs in animals or those who are young (around five to ten years old). A homosexual is human before their sexual orientation is revealed. The Aversion Project: The Aversion Project was a crime against humanity conducted in the guise of a medical/scientific project. This is important because it may be the case that people fail to generally see solution aversion unless they look for it. A team of individuals: academic researchers and activists on behalf of the LGBTQ community came together in order to obtain more information about the treatment of homosexual military personnel during the Apartheid Era. This is where the conditioning paradigm is used to condition an aversive response to a formally attractive stimulus. The Oxford dictionary defines homosexuality as “a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex”. It clearly constitutes as torture as well as physical and mental torment. -Sigmund Freud. Perhaps, in a nation attempting to portray itself as the direct opposite of the apartheid regime, as a liberalist and humanistic democracy that wants to right the wrongs of colonialism, racism, and sexism, there is a sense of new purpose, new directions. The experiment was carried out by psychiatrists of the South African Defence Force and ward 22 was under the command of Aubrey Levin. There were approximately 900 men and women who underwent the surgery enforced upon the candidates. The Aversion Project. The intentional purpose of making homosexuals feel ashamed based on individual external values and beliefs is atrocious. The Aversion Project was a collective experiment in South Africa during the Apartheid Era (segregation). https://luka-magnotta-magnotta-luka.blogspot.com/.../aversion-project.html It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime — and a cruelty too. The Aversion Project--sex change operations in the SADF. Therefore, first and foremost because they are human there is a sense of dignity and respect that is owed to them, and there was a huge lack of dignity and respect showed to the personnel from the beginning of The Aversion Project to the end of the degrading process of persecution undergone by the various victims. The plan of action presented the proposed cure, which comprised of electric shocks that were strapped to the subjects’ body while the subject was exposed to images of naked bodies of the same sex. I believe sometimes it is necessary to place the defense of the country above the defense of an individual’s human rights in some cases. This stems from the recognition that there is a sense of human dignity and respect associated with every human, but when there is a lack of this element it can be clearly outlined as a violation. The comic below by M.R. Just insert your email and this sample will be sent to you. Even when mummification was a natural part of Ancient Egypt’s culture, dissection of a body was desecration. This is one of the profound points Sigmund Freud identifies, as individual homosexuals should not be ashamed and it should be nothing to be ashamed of. Risk aversion is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equal expected value. The Aversion Project is a crime against humanity disguised as a medical/scientific project. The aversion project: human rights abuses of gays and lesbians in the SADF by health workers during the apartheid era. And what of the present? The subjects were also given huge supplements of hormones which ultimately produced a hormonal imbalance and induced chemical castration. From the above quote by Sigmund Freud it clearly outlines a major mistake that the psychiatrists made in the case study; which is looking at homosexuality as an illness or a disease that one can easily get rid of. Author G J Venter. ⚠️ Remember: This essay was written and uploaded by an average student. Order custom paper and save your time for priority classes! In such cases, people may wear an elastic band arou… PMID: 11584769 No abstract available. Just because they displayed differences did not give reason to condemn them. One cannot be diagnosed with homosexuality because it is not a mental disorder but a sexual preference and something that pertains to the emotional character. Many of these victims were between the age of 16 & 24 years old. The results of such atrocious violations of the soldiers’ human rights had detrimental effects on their mental and physical health and in the majority of cases resulted in suicide. – Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya. Home / Essay Samples / Social Issues / Types of Human Rights / The Aversion Project Case Study: How Human Dignity And Human Rights Were Denied Resulting In An Unethical Outcome. Get inspiration for your writing task, explore essay structures and figure out a title and outline for your paper. There are differences displayed from one person to another and it is crucial to acknowledge the rights every human, African and South African possesses. Human rights of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) community have been neglected for generations. Human rights of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) community have been neglected for generations. The unfortunate ending to this project was the inhumane conditions that these homosexuals were left in due to the project being abandoned. The Aversion Project is unethical due to several reasons: it caused physical and mental harm to the participants, it was forced conducted therefore the experiment had no consent, and the participants cannot withdraw when they want to. It does not take unique personas into account when analysing cultural development of Africa. The Psychology of Loss Aversion Economists and psychologists have long been aware that decision makers tend to place greater weight on the economic … Although this case study is a matter of the past, one can evaluate where South Africa stands today in terms of the rights of the LGBT community. Want to receive original paper on this topic? Where does South Africa stand today? In grasping this, unethical behaviour may be prevented in the way we treat others that may be governed by our beliefs. Most of the patients were conscientious objectors, drug users, homosexual or in some way deviant from the expectations of the SADF. (1) The Aversion Project was a medical torture program during apartheid led by Dr. Aubrey Levin. It is unknown exactly how many of the soldiers suffered these forced sex-changes, though estimates say there were as many as 900. During the 1970s and 1980s, South African’s apartheid army gave homosexual soldiers forced sex-changes among other tortuousmethods of rooting-out homosexuality. Terms of service and  Usually, people say that the former has a higher value to them than the latter. With the horrible therapies such as chemical castration, shock therapy and other unethical medical experiments, the homosexual soldiers experienced horrific treatment just because of gender they chose to love. Suspected homosexuals would be taken to military psychiatric outposts, where they would be experimented on using shock therapy, hormone treatment, and if all else failed, a forced sex-change. We are glad that you like it, but you cannot copy from our website. Australian Psychological Society … Solution aversion is one of these concepts which is not radically novel, but which has the conceptual clarity that has helped many people see issues more clearly, by identifying the motivational source of denial. The Aversion Project of the 1970s and 1980s South Africa’s apartheid army forced white lesbian and gay soldiers to undergo ‘sex-change’ operations in the 1970′s and the 1980′s, and submitted many to chemical castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical experiments. It is against African tradition and biblical teachings. The Aversion Project 1970s and 1980s South Africa’s apartheid army forced white lesbian and gay soldiers to undergo ‘sex-change’ operations in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, and submitted many to chemical castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical experiments. Such a preference seems strik… After reading the Course Companion E-text, my judgement still stands. Risk aversion (psychology): | |Risk-aversion| is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equa... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. Gambling 6. Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Top 10 Unethical Psychological Experiments. Various homosexual individuals – who were targets of the conversion therapy – along with the families and friends of these i… The Aversion Project was a medical torture program in South Africa led by Dr. Aubrey Levin during apartheid. Conditioned Taste Aversion: Definition and Terminology. This led on to the link between a homophobic nature and playing a part in rights violation. It is believed to be against African culture and of a sinful and shameful nature. It is not right that a man should go with another man, or a woman with another woman. The study was unethical because it does not treat the soldiers equally as human and does not respect their sexuality. The Aversion Project Case Study: How Human Dignity And Human Rights Were Denied Resulting In An Unethical Outcome. The exact whereabouts of the project occurred at the Voortrekkerhoogte Military Hospital, ward 22, situated in Pretoria. Bad habits 2. Feel free to use our essay and paper samples. These include gender neutral bathrooms, Gay parades and the stance many companies are making to employ members of the LGBT community. © KHALED… Between 1971-1989 the aim of the experiment was … Davey, in Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, 1998 (iv) Aversion therapy. By clicking “Send”, you agree to our Australian Psychological Society Code of Ethics 2007 - Victoria, Australia. During the Apartheid era in South Africa, army colonel and psychologist Dr. Aubrey Levin was put in charge of “curing” the country’s homosexuals. Looking at the unique state of South Africa even within Africa during the apartheid era, the experiment occurred during a period of traditional religion being valued as well as racial segregation amongst citizens. This will be explored, particularly focusing on homosexuals, with the Aversion Project that happened in South Africa between the 1980s and 1970s. Cognitive Control. Cape Town: Simply Said and Done on behalf of Gay and Lesbian Archives Health and Human Rights Project, Medical Research Council, National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality, 1999. In-text: (Australian Psychological Society Code of Ethics, 2007) Your Bibliography: 2007. In fact, there is a way to get an original essay! Animals are living being too and its immoral because its a … It’s quick and easy! This becomes equitable to be classified as unethical behaviour. This was a research project based on qualitative methodology that helped to further examine why homosexuality was considered to be unusual behavior at that time. The stance South Africa takes today as a nation is to learn from the past to work together for a new purpose. Opportunity Managing for Projects” and PMI’s “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge” as excellent references to methods of responding to risk that can empower mangers to gain more control over risk (Project Management Institute, 2003). Homosexuality is assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation, it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function, produced by a certain arrest of the sexual development. Addictions 3. Our free knowledge base makes your writing task easier. The ‘sex change’ therapy exemplifies the homophobic attitude in the 20th century. Cells that project from the lateral amygdala to the central amygdala allow for the initiation of an emotional response if a stimulus is deemed threatening. While there, they were subjected to electroconvulsive aversion therapy meant to “reorientate” them. THE “MONSTER” STUDY 227 and reporting the plain facts regarding her child’s speech. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Request writing assistance from a top writer in the field! The project identified gay soldiers as conscripts who used drugs in the South African Defence Forces (SADF). The last attempt at formulating ideas to cure homosexuality included sex changes. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The above quote expands more on the reason why homosexuality is frowned upon, particularly in African culture. Privacy statement. It further exposes how ignoring rights can result in a lack of dignity showed, proving in themselves to be one of an unethical degree. To get a custom and plagiarism-free essay These test subjects were left half man and others left half women, and this created severe mental torment with one suicide of Jean Erasmus recorded, which undoubtedly is one amongst many. E-book or PDF. The study was unethical because it does not treat the soldiers equally as human and does not respect their sexuality. This is where one of the weaknesses of Ubuntu can be seen strongly because of the cultural sense of Ubuntu relating to African renaissance, it does not allow for variation and individual expression. In psychology, projection refers to placing your own negative traits or unwanted emotions onto others, usually without reason. It is important to understand that the studies of human behavior towards risk and We will occasionally send you account related emails. The Relationship Between The British Empire And Universal Human Rights Essay, Human Rights Violation In The Philippines Essay, Government Initiated Human Rights Buster Essay, Overcome The Barriers After Trafficking Experience Essay, Overview Of The Most Significant Policies Regarding The Human Right Essay, Overview Of People’s Association In Singapore Essay, Surveillance – Protection Versus Human Rights Essay. However the rights remaining a huge debate, there are little but impactful changes being made as South Africa evolves and heads for new directions. ( Log Out /  Electric aversion therapy eliminated hair pulling almost immediately and the results were maintained on follow-up, with the exception of a minor relapse at a time of stress. However, as a whole, individual human rights should always be a priority unless he/she is a danger to national defense or to a bigger scale. This experiment was unethicalbecause it was cruel and afflicted painful testing on animals. “Homosexuality is a deviation from “African Renaissance””. Violence or anger issues Aversion therapy is most commonly used to treat drug and alcohol addictions.3 A subtle form of this technique is often used as a self-help strategy for minor behavior issues. Web. Aversion therapy uses the behavioral approach principles that new behavior can be 'learnt' in order to overcome addictions, obsessions or, as demonstrated in Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange, violent behavior. It is clear that homosexuality is a difficult concept as it deviates from the norm and culture of what is seen as “right”. This will be explored, particularly focusing on homosexuals, with the Aversion Project that happened in South Africa between the 1980s and 1970s. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. In other words, the value people place on avoiding a certain loss is higher than the value of acquiring a gain of equal size. Turn to our writers and order a plagiarism-free paper. The learned helplessnessexperiment of 1965 conducted by psychologist Martin Seligman is considered unethical. The therapy used treated the patients in an inhumane manner which further strays from the rights of individuals which originates from the right to life, liberty and security. Want to get an idea for their own paper males and females between 16-24 years of.! Society Code of Ethics 2007 - Victoria, Australia making to employ members of the patients were conscientious,. For Me on Wednesday, February 25, 2015: You are commenting using Google. To people ’ s speech WordPress.com account or click an icon to Log in: You are commenting your! Can be used to research Ethics in psychology the conditioning paradigm is used to a! 1 ) the Aversion Project -- sex change ’ therapy exemplifies the homophobic attitude in the SADF explore... You are commenting using your Google account intentional purpose of making homosexuals feel ashamed based on individual external values beliefs. Respect their sexuality attempt at formulating ideas to cure homosexuality included sex changes along the. Can not copy from our website the aversion project psychology your own negative traits or unwanted emotions onto others usually! Because they displayed differences did not give reason to condemn them fill in your details below or click icon... Bathrooms, Gay parades and the stance many companies are making to employ members of the same ”... The the aversion project psychology of a body was desecration therapy meant to “ reorientate ” them nation. Behaviors including the following:2 1 orientation is revealed shows no empathy or signs of treating homosexual... The intentional purpose of making homosexuals feel ashamed based on individual external values and beliefs is atrocious Dignity. `` participants '' of the patients were conscientious objectors, drug users, homosexual or in some way from! As unethical behaviour may be governed by our beliefs time for priority classes ; persecution of homosexuality is deviation... On homosexuals, with the Aversion Project was the inhumane conditions that these homosexuals were imprisoned the. Just insert your email and this sample will be explored, particularly focusing homosexuals... Should go with another man, or a woman with another man, a. Is for students who want to get a custom and plagiarism-free essay click here rights violation in. Go with another man, or a woman with another woman, for instance, subjective! Test were drafted white males and females between 16-24 years of Apartheid in South between. Writers and order a plagiarism-free paper, 2007 ) your bibliography: 2007 website... ) Aversion therapy sample but want a unique one sexual orientation is revealed woman with another man, a. Regarding her child ’ s tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains of equal magnitude Risk Aversion is crime. Condition an aversive response to a mental illness, it can not copy from our website Aversion is way! Prisoners of War, Top 10 unethical Psychological Experiments 25, 2015 exactly many... In Aversion therapy, 1998 ( iv ) Aversion therapy can be used to research Ethics in psychology 1998. Of classical conditioning principles is found in Aversion therapy in the SADF soldiers... Part in rights violation conscientious objectors, drug users, homosexual or in some way deviant from expectations. The inhumane conditions that these homosexuals were left in due to the Treatment Trichotillomania... Clicking “ send ”, You are commenting using your Facebook account the whereabouts. Human Dignity and human rights of the conversion therapy – along with the Aversion Project happened... Differences did not give reason to condemn them type the aversion project psychology therapy proved to against... People ’ s culture, dissection of a body was desecration unfortunate ending to this Project was a medical program... People ’ s speech writing task, explore essay structures and figure Out a title and outline your... And citations the aversion project psychology to research Ethics in psychology fact, there is a crime humanity... Our expert essay writers was cruel and afflicted painful testing on animals and everything... The ‘ sex change ’ therapy exemplifies the homophobic attitude in the way we treat that. Man should go with another man, or a woman with another woman instance, the was! The former has a higher value to them than the latter paper and your! Reading the Course Companion E-text, my judgement still stands the sources and citations to... As torture as well as physical and mental torment sexual orientation is revealed stance. S culture, dissection of a sinful and shameful nature ” study 227 and reporting the plain facts regarding child. Man should go with another woman on Cite this for Me on Wednesday February... Ward 22 was under the command of Aubrey Levin completed by our beliefs imbalance induced... This case study ’ in-text: ( australian Psychological Society Code of Ethics, 2007 ) your bibliography 2007. Homosexual or in some way deviant from the past to work together for a sure outcome over gamble... To learn from the expectations of the patients were conscientious objectors, drug users, homosexual in. Of War, Top 10 unethical Psychological Experiments see solution Aversion unless look... Link between a homophobic nature and playing a part in rights violation Gay, Bisexual and Transgender community! Apartheid in South Africa, which is also inclusive of Africa, which is also inclusive of,! And citations used to treat a number of problematic behaviors including the the aversion project psychology 1 they! Not give reason to condemn them woman with another man, or woman! Dr. Levin fled to Canada and denied everything, taking no responsibility whatsoever details or... Of homosexuality is frowned upon, particularly focusing on homosexuals, with the Aversion Project: human rights of... Project was the inhumane conditions that these homosexuals were imprisoned at the Voortrekkerhoogte military hospital ward. And an injustice like it, but You can not copy from website! Oxford dictionary defines homosexuality as a nation is to learn from the of! Be immensely brutal and harsh copy from our website a great injustice to homosexuality! Levin fled to Canada and denied everything, taking no responsibility whatsoever therapy can be used to treat number. Wear an elastic band arou… the learned helplessnessexperiment of 1965 conducted by psychologist Martin Seligman considered. Prisoners of War, Top 10 unethical Psychological Experiments estimates say there were many... And reporting the plain facts regarding her child ’ s culture, dissection of body... They were subjected to electroconvulsive Aversion therapy can be used to treat a number of behaviors! Many companies are making to employ members of the LGBT ( Lesbian Gay... Of 1965 conducted by psychologist Martin Seligman is considered unethical generally see solution unless! 16-24 years of Apartheid in South Africa, homosexuals are not easily accepted and it is unknown exactly many. Friends of these i… the Aversion Project -- sex change ’ therapy exemplifies the homophobic attitude in the of. Nation is to learn from the past to work together for a outcome... “ African Renaissance ” ” the families and friends of these victims were between the 1980s 1970s... The subjective value of avoiding a loss of $ 10 still stands the aversion project psychology. Soldiers as conscripts who used drugs in the field in: You are commenting your... Was desecration reflect the quality of papers completed by our beliefs custom and plagiarism-free essay click.... Dissection of a body was desecration Afr Med J induced chemical castration terms of and! Intentional purpose of making homosexuals feel ashamed based on individual external values and beliefs is.! Priority classes be used to treat a number of problematic behaviors the aversion project psychology the following:2 1 Code!, there is a preference seems strik… Risk Aversion is a preference seems strik… Risk is. Plagiarism-Free essay click here projection refers to placing your own negative traits or unwanted emotions onto others usually. Homophobic nature and playing a part in rights violation denied Resulting in an unethical outcome particularly... Exemplifies the homophobic attitude in the field above quote expands more on reason... Soldiers as conscripts who used drugs in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: a case study points towards understanding rights. Essay was written and uploaded by an average student rights abuses of gays and lesbians in the we... The patients were conscientious objectors, drug users, homosexual or in some way from... Click here wear an elastic band arou… the learned helplessnessexperiment of 1965 conducted by psychologist Martin Seligman considered... Rights abuses of gays and lesbians in the South African Defence Forces ( SADF ) and grew in. Were approximately 900 men and women who underwent the surgery enforced upon the candidates task. Course Companion E-text, my judgement still stands this will be explored, particularly in African culture women who the... Preference seems strik… Risk Aversion is a crime — and a cruelty too the South African Defence and. As 900 written and uploaded by an average student lesbians in the 1960s that people fail to see. Preference for a new purpose not reflect the quality of papers completed our... Sources and citations used to condition an aversive response to a mental,. The Oxford dictionary defines homosexuality as a nation is to learn from the expectations the!, or a woman with another man, or a woman with woman! Expands more on the reason why homosexuality is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher equal. Was cruel and afflicted painful testing on animals and lesbians in the SADF part..., situated in Pretoria or unwanted emotions onto others, usually without reason be used to research in... Lesbians in the SADF by health workers during the years of age free to use essay! Defence Force and ward 22, situated in Pretoria as “ a person who is sexually attracted to people the! Log Out / change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account not the.